Indus Valley Civilizatoin: Indus Valley civilization (Harappa civilization) was located in the northwestern part of ancient India (Today’s Eastern part of Pakistan and North Western part of India). This civilization at the banks of Indus valley was present around in BC 3500 and ended around in BC 1500 and is considered one of the earliest civilizations along with Mesopotamia and Egyptian civilization and biggest civilization of that time. Compared to other 2 civilizations, Indus valley civilization was the biggest and most advanced & planned in terms of urban planning. They didn’t built big structures but they built buildings which were in equal measurements, roads and buildings were aligned in grid view. This civilization extended from Afghanistan to Pakistan to India till Gujarat. Lately excavated Dwarka, the hometown of Lord Krishna, which was/is submerged in Arabian sea long before 3500 BC might have been part of Indus valley civilization. Harappan Mathematics: Harappans used decimal numeral system without zero and place value system. Mathematics was used for practical purposes in measurement of weights & distances, scaling, fixed proportion adopted to build bricks, etc. The decline of Indus valley civilization is very controversial topic. For many years Aryan invasion theory was followed which stated that the a tribe called Aryans came from Southwest Asia and Europe and invaded the civilization, killed many, remaining were made to flee towards south India thus bringing the caste system between white and blacks; Aryans and Dravidians. But later this theory was ruled out on the basis of various factors. Like flooding over large part of Gujarat (which submerged large part of Dwarka in Arabian Sea), sudden decline of the civilization is now believed to be because changes in climatic conditions which killed many people and very few managed to flee to central and eastern India. Bricks which were baked under the sun or in fire and followed fixed … [Read more...]